How to Contact the Speaker of the House of Representatives

Presiding officer of the Us Firm of Representatives

Speaker of the U.s. House of Representatives
Seal of the speaker
Flag of the speaker
Incumbent Nancy Pelosi since Jan three, 2019
United States House of Representatives
Style	Madam Speaker (informal) The Honorable (formal)
Condition	Presiding officer
Seat	U.s. Capitol, Washington, D.C.
Nominator	Major parties (normally)
Appointer	Firm of Representatives
Term length	At the House'southward pleasure; elected at the beginning of the new Congress by a majority of the representatives-elect, and upon a vacancy during a Congress.[1]
Constituting instrument	United States Constitution
Formation	March 4, 1789; 232 years ago  (1789-03-04)
First holder	Frederick Muhlenberg April 1, 1789
Succession	Second (3 U.Due south.C. § 19)[2]
Deputy	Assistant Speaker of the House of Representatives (Democratic Party usage only)
Bacon	$223,500 annually[iii]
Website	speaker.gov

The speaker of the United States House of Representatives, ordinarily known as the speaker of the House, is the presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives. The office was established in 1789 by Article I, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution. The speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the Business firm of Representatives and is simultaneously the Firm'south presiding officer, de facto leader of the body's bulk party, and the establishment's administrative caput. Speakers also perform diverse other administrative and procedural functions. Given these several roles and responsibilities, the speaker unremarkably does not personally preside over debates. That duty is instead delegated to members of the House from the majority party. Neither does the speaker regularly participate in floor debates.

The Constitution does non require the speaker to exist an incumbent member of the House of Representatives, although every speaker thus far has been.^[4] The speaker is 2d in the U.s. presidential line of succession, subsequently the vice president and alee of the president pro tempore of the Senate.^[2]

The current Business firm speaker is Democrat Nancy Pelosi of California. She was elected to a fourth (2nd sequent) term as speaker on January 3, 2021, the first day of the 117th Congress. She has led the Democratic Party in the Firm since 2003, and is the offset woman to serve as speaker.^[five]

Pick [edit]

The House elects its speaker at the beginning of a new Congress (i.e. biennially, after a general ballot) or when a speaker dies, resigns or is removed from the position intra-term. Since 1839, the House has elected speakers by scroll call vote.^[6] Traditionally, each party'southward caucus or briefing selects a candidate for the speakership from among its senior leaders prior to the scroll call. Representatives are not restricted to voting for the candidate nominated by their political party, but generally practise, as the event of the election finer determines which party has the bulk and consequently will organize the House.^[7] As the Constitution does not explicitly state that the speaker must be an incumbent member of the House, it is permissible for representatives to vote for someone who is not a member of the House at the time, and not-members have received a few votes in various speaker elections over the past several years.^[8] Every person elected speaker, notwithstanding, has been a fellow member.^[7]

Representatives who cull to vote for someone other than their political party'due south nominated candidate usually vote for someone else in their party or vote "present". Anyone who votes for the other political party's candidate would face serious consequences, as was the case when Democrat Jim Traficant voted for Republican Dennis Hastert in 2001 (107th Congress). In response, the Democrats stripped him of his seniority and he lost all of his committee posts.^[nine]

To be elected speaker, a candidate must receive a bulk of the votes cast. If no candidate wins a bulk, the roll call is repeated until a speaker is elected.^[7] Multiple curlicue calls take been necessary just 14 times (out of 126 speakership elections) since 1789; and not since 1923 (68th Congress), when a closely divided House needed ix ballots to elect Frederick H. Gillett speaker.^[1] Upon winning ballot the new speaker is immediately sworn in by the dean of the United States Business firm of Representatives, the chamber's longest-serving fellow member.^{[x] [xi]}

History [edit]

Henry Clay (1811–1814, 1815–1820, 1823–1825) used his influence as speaker to ensure the passage of measures he favored

The starting time speaker of the House, Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania, was elected to role on April one, 1789, the day the House organized itself at the offset of the 1st Congress. He served two non-consecutive terms in the speaker's chair, 1789–1791 (1st Congress) and 1793–1795 (3rd Congress).^[12]

As the Constitution does not state the duties of the speaker, the speaker'south office has largely been shaped by traditions and customs that evolved over time. Scholars are divided as to whether early on speakers played largely ceremonial and impartial roles or whether they were more active partisan actors.^[13]

From early in its beingness, the speaker's primary function had been to keep order and enforce rules. The speakership was transformed into a position with power over the legislative process under Henry Clay (1811–1814, 1815–1820, and 1823–1825).^{[xiv] [fifteen]} In dissimilarity to many of his predecessors, Dirt participated in several debates and used his influence to procure the passage of measures he supported—for instance, the proclamation of the War of 1812, and various laws relating to Clay's "American Organization" economic plan. Furthermore, when no candidate received an Electoral College majority in the 1824 presidential election, causing the president to exist elected by the House, Speaker Clay threw his support to John Quincy Adams instead of Andrew Jackson, thereby ensuring Adams' victory. Following Clay's retirement in 1825, the ability of the speakership once again began to decline, despite speakership elections becoming increasingly bitter. As the Civil War approached, several sectional factions nominated their ain candidates, oft making it difficult for any candidate to attain a majority. In 1855 and again in 1859, for example, the contest for speaker lasted for ii months before the House achieved a result. Speakers tended to take very brusque tenures during this flow. For case, from 1839 to 1863 there were 11 speakers, only one of whom served for more than than 1 term. To date, James 1000. Polk is the simply speaker of the House who was later elected president of the United States.

Towards the end of the 19th century, the part of speaker began to develop into a very powerful one. At the time, one of the almost important sources of the speaker's power was his position equally Chairman of the Committee on Rules, which, afterward the reorganization of the committee organization in 1880, became one of the nigh powerful standing committees of the Business firm. Furthermore, several speakers became leading figures in their political parties; examples include Democrats Samuel J. Randall, John Griffin Carlisle, and Charles F. Crisp, and Republicans James One thousand. Blaine, Thomas Brackett Reed, and Joseph Gurney Cannon.

The ability of the speaker was greatly augmented during the tenure of the Republican Thomas Brackett Reed (1889–1891, 1895–1899). "Czar Reed", as he was called by his opponents,^[sixteen] sought to terminate the obstruction of bills by the minority, in detail past countering the tactic known as the "disappearing quorum".^[17] By refusing to vote on a motion, the minority could ensure that a quorum would not be accomplished and that the result would exist invalid. Reed, nevertheless, alleged that members who were in the bedroom just refused to vote would even so count for the purposes of determining a quorum. Through these and other rulings, Reed ensured that the Democrats could not cake the Republican agenda.

The speakership reached its apogee during the term of Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon (1903–1911). Cannon exercised boggling control over the legislative procedure. He determined the calendar of the House, appointed the members of all committees, chose committee chairmen, headed the Rules Committee, and determined which committee heard each neb. He vigorously used his powers to ensure that Republican proposals were passed by the Firm. In 1910, yet, Democrats and several dissatisfied Republicans joined together to strip Cannon of many of his powers, including the ability to name committee members and his chairmanship of the Rules Commission.^[18] Fifteen years later, Speaker Nicholas Longworth restored much, but non all, of the lost influence of the position.

Sam Rayburn (1940–1947; 1949–1953; and 1955–1961) was the longest serving speaker

I of the most influential speakers in history was Democrat Sam Rayburn.^[19] Rayburn had the most cumulative time as speaker in history, belongings office from 1940 to 1947, 1949 to 1953, and 1955 to 1961. He helped shape many bills, working quietly in the background with Firm committees. He also helped ensure the passage of several domestic measures and strange assistance programs advocated past Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry Truman.

Rayburn'due south successor, Democrat John W. McCormack (served 1962–1971), was a somewhat less influential speaker, peculiarly because of dissent from younger members of the Democratic Party. During the mid-1970s, the power of the speakership once over again grew under Democrat Carl Albert. The Committee on Rules ceased to be a semi-independent panel, as it had been since 1910. Instead, it in one case again became an arm of the political party leadership. Moreover, in 1975, the speaker was granted the dominance to engage a majority of the members of the Rules Committee. Meanwhile, the power of committee chairmen was concise, further increasing the relative influence of the speaker.

Albert's successor, Democrat Tip O'Neill, was a prominent speaker because of his public opposition to the policies of President Ronald Reagan. O'Neill is the longest continually serving speaker, from 1977 through 1987. He challenged Reagan on domestic programs and on defense force expenditures. Republicans made O'Neill the target of their ballot campaigns in 1980 and 1982 but Democrats managed to retain their majorities in both years.

The roles of the parties reversed in 1994 when, later spending forty years in the minority, the Republicans regained control of the House with the "Contract with America", an idea spearheaded by Minority Whip Newt Gingrich. Speaker Gingrich would regularly clash with Democratic President Pecker Clinton, leading to the United States federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996, in which Clinton was largely seen to have prevailed. Gingrich's hold on the leadership was weakened significantly by that and several other controversies, and he faced a caucus revolt in 1997. Later the Republicans lost Firm seats in 1998 (although retaining a majority) he did not correspond a third term as speaker. His successor, Dennis Hastert, had been chosen every bit a compromise candidate since the other Republicans in the leadership were more controversial. Hastert played a much less prominent role than other gimmicky speakers, being overshadowed by House Majority Leader Tom Delay and President George W. Bush. The Republicans came out of the 2000 elections with a further reduced majority just made small-scale gains in 2002 and 2004. The periods of 2001–2002 and 2003–2007 were the first times since 1953–1955 that there was single-political party Republican leadership in Washington, interrupted from 2001 to 2003 as Senator Jim Jeffords of Vermont left the Republican Party to become independent and caucused with Senate Democrats to give them a 51–49 bulk.

In the 2006 midterm elections, the Democrats won a majority in the House. Nancy Pelosi became speaker when the 110th Congress convened on January four, 2007, making her the showtime woman to agree the part. With the election of Barack Obama every bit president and Democratic gains in both houses of Congress, Pelosi became the start speaker since Tom Foley to agree the office during single-party Autonomous leadership in Washington.^[20] During the 111th Congress, Pelosi was the driving forcefulness behind several of Obama's major initiatives that proved controversial, and the Republicans campaigned against the Democrats' legislation by staging a "Fire Pelosi" bus bout^[21] and regained control of the House in the 2010 midterm elections.^[22]

John Boehner was elected speaker when the 112th Congress convened on January 5, 2011, and was afterward re-elected twice, at the commencement of the 113th and 114th Congresses. On both of those occasions his remaining in part was threatened past the defection of several members from his own political party who chose not to vote for him.^{[23] [24]} Boehner's tenure equally speaker, which concluded when he resigned from Congress in October 2015, was marked by multiple battles with the conservatives in his ain party related to "Obama Care," appropriations, among other political bug.^[25] This intra-party discord continued under Boehner'due south successor, Paul Ryan.

Following the 2022 midterm elections which saw the election of a Democratic Party bulk in the House of Representatives, Nancy Pelosi was elected speaker when the 116th Congress convened on January 3, 2019. When Republican leader John Boehner succeeded her as speaker in 2011, Pelosi remained the leader of the Democratic Party in the Business firm of Representatives and served as House minority leader for 8 years earlier she led her party to victory in the 2022 elections. In addition to being the beginning adult female to hold the office, Pelosi became the first speaker to return to power since Sam Rayburn in the 1950s.^[26]

Notable elections [edit]

Speaker Nancy Pelosi (right) with Vice President Dick Cheney behind President George W. Bush at the 2007 State of the Union Accost making history equally the get-go woman to sit down behind the podium at such an address. President Bush acknowledged this by get-go his speech with the words, "This evening, I have a high privilege and singled-out laurels of my own — as the first president to brainstorm the State of the Matrimony message with these words: Madam Speaker".^[27]

Historically, at that place accept been several controversial elections to the speakership, such equally the contest of 1839. In that example, fifty-fifty though the 26th The states Congress convened on Dec ii, the House could not begin the speakership ballot until Dec xiv because of an election dispute in New Jersey known as the "Broad Seal War". 2 rival delegations, one Whig and the other Democrat, had been certified as elected by different branches of the New Bailiwick of jersey government. The problem was compounded by the fact that the effect of the dispute would determine whether the Whigs or the Democrats held the majority. Neither party agreed to permit a speakership election with the opposite political party'due south delegation participating. Finally, it was agreed to exclude both delegations from the election and a speaker was finally chosen on Dec 17.

Another, more prolonged fight occurred in 1855 in the 34th United states of america Congress. The old Whig Party had complanate but no unmarried party had emerged to replace information technology. Candidates opposing the Democrats had run nether a bewildering variety of labels, including Whig, Republican, American (Know Zero), and simply "Opposition". By the fourth dimension Congress actually met in December 1855, most of the northerners were full-bodied together every bit Republicans, while most of the southerners and a few northerners used the American or Know Zero label. Opponents of the Democrats held a majority in House, with the political party makeup of the 234 representatives being 83 Democrats, 108 Republicans, and 43 Know Nothings (primarily southern oppositionists). The Democratic minority nominated William Alexander Richardson of Illinois equally speaker, simply considering of sectional distrust, the diverse oppositionists were unable to hold on a unmarried candidate for speaker. The Republicans supported Nathaniel Prentice Banks of Massachusetts, who had been elected as a Know Aught merely was now largely identified with the Republicans. The southern Know Nothings supported commencement Humphrey Marshall of Kentucky, then Henry M. Fuller of Pennsylvania. The voting went on for about two months with no candidate able to secure a majority, until it was finally agreed to elect the speaker by plurality vote, and Banks was elected.^[28] The House found itself in a similar dilemma when the 36th Congress met in December 1859. Although the Republicans held a plurality, the Republican candidate, John Sherman, was unacceptable to southern oppositionists due to his anti-slavery views, and once over again the House was unable to elect a speaker. After Democrats allied with southern oppositionists to well-nigh elect the North Carolina oppositionist William N. H. Smith, Sherman finally withdrew in favor of compromise candidate William Pennington of New Jersey, a former Whig of unclear partisan loyalties, who was finally elected speaker on February 1, 1860.^[29]

The last time that an election for speaker went beyond one election was in Dec 1923 at the start of the 68th Congress, when Republican Frederick H. Gillett needed nine ballots to win reelection. Progressive Republicans had refused to support Gillett in the offset eight ballots. Merely later on winning concessions from Republican briefing leaders (a seat on the Business firm Rules Committee and a pledge that requested House rules changes would be considered) did they agree to support him.^{[30] [31]}

In 1997, several Republican congressional leaders tried to strength Speaker Newt Gingrich to resign. However, Gingrich refused since that would have required a new election for speaker, which could have led to Democrats forth with dissenting Republicans voting for Democrat Dick Gephardt (then minority leader) as speaker. After the 1998 midterm elections where the Republicans lost seats, Gingrich did non stand for re-election. The side by side ii figures in the House Republican leadership bureaucracy, Majority Leader Richard Armey and Majority Whip Tom Filibuster chose not to run for the office. The chairman of the House Appropriations Committee, Bob Livingston, declared his bid for the speakership, which was unopposed, making him speaker-designate. It was then revealed, by Livingston himself, who had been publicly critical of President Bill Clinton'southward perjury during his sexual harassment trial, that he had engaged in an extramarital affair. He opted to resign from the House, despite being urged to stay on by House Autonomous leader Gephardt. Subsequently, the chief deputy whip Dennis Hastert was selected as speaker. The Republicans retained their majorities in the 2000, 2002, and 2004 elections.

The Democrats won a majority of seats in the 2006 midterm elections. On Nov 16, 2006, Nancy Pelosi, who was then minority leader, was selected as speaker-designate by Firm Democrats.^[32] When the 110th Congress convened on Jan 4, 2007, she was elected as the 52nd speaker by a vote of 233–202, condign the get-go woman elected speaker of the Business firm.^[33] Pelosi remained speaker through the 111th Congress.

Most recent ballot for speaker (2021) [edit]

The most contempo ballot for Business firm speaker took place January iii, 2021, on the opening mean solar day of the 117th United States Congress, two months later on the 2022 House elections in which the Democrats won a majority of the seats. Incumbent speaker, Democrat Nancy Pelosi, secured a narrow majority of the 427 votes cast and was elected to a fourth (second consecutive) term. She received 216 votes to Republican Kevin McCarthy's 209 votes, with two votes going to other persons; also, 3 representatives answered present when their names were called.^[34]

Partisan part [edit]

Paul Ryan taking the adjuration of role upon condign speaker on October 29, 2015

The Constitution does not spell out the political function of the speaker. As the office has adult historically, however, it has taken on a clearly partisan cast, very unlike from the speakership of most Westminster-style legislatures, such as the speaker of the United Kingdom'due south House of Commons, which is meant to be scrupulously not-partisan. The speaker in the United States, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives, outranking the majority leader. Still, despite having the right to vote, the speaker usually does non participate in debate.

The speaker is responsible for ensuring that the House passes legislation supported by the majority party. In pursuing this goal, the speaker may utilize their ability to decide when each bill reaches the floor. They too chair the majority party's steering commission in the House. While the speaker is the functioning head of the Firm bulk party, the same is not true of the president pro tempore of the Senate, whose role is primarily ceremonial and honorary.

When the speaker and the president belong to the aforementioned party, the speaker tends to play the role in a more formalism calorie-free, as seen when Dennis Hastert played a very restrained part during the presidency of beau Republican George Westward. Bush. Notwithstanding, when the speaker and the president vest to the aforementioned political party, there are as well times that the speaker plays a much larger role, and the speaker is tasked, e.1000., with pushing through the agenda of the bulk political party, often at the expense of the minority opposition. This tin exist seen, most of all, in the speakership of Democratic-Republican Henry Clay, who personally ensured the presidential victory of beau Democratic-Republican John Quincy Adams. Democrat Sam Rayburn was a key player in the passing of New Deal legislation nether the presidency of fellow Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon (nether Theodore Roosevelt) was particularly infamous for his marginalization of the minority Democrats and centralizing of potency to the speakership. In more recent times, Speaker Nancy Pelosi played a role in continuing the push for health care reform during the presidency of swain Democrat Barack Obama.^[35]

On the other hand, when the speaker and the president belong to opposite parties, the public role and influence of the speaker tend to increase. As the highest-ranking member of the opposition party (and de facto leader of the opposition), the speaker is normally the chief public opponent of the president'south calendar. In this scenario, the speaker is known for undercutting the president's calendar by blocking measures by the minority political party or rejecting bills by the Senate. One famous instance came in the grade of Thomas Brackett Reed (under Grover Cleveland), a speaker notorious for his successful attempt to force the Democrats to vote on measures where the Republicans had articulate majorities, which ensured that Cleveland's Democrats were in no position to challenge the Republicans in the House. Joseph Cannon was particularly unique in that he led the bourgeois "Old Guard" wing of the Republican Party, while his president – Theodore Roosevelt – was of the more progressive clique, and more than simply marginalizing the Democrats, Cannon used his power to punish the dissidents in his party and obstruct the progressive fly of the Republican Party.

More modern examples include Tip O'Neill, who was a vocal opponent of President Ronald Reagan's economical and defense policies; Newt Gingrich, who fought a bitter battle with President Bill Clinton for control of domestic policy; Nancy Pelosi, who argued with President George Westward. Bush over the Iraq War;^[22] John Boehner, who clashed with President Barack Obama over budget bug and wellness care;^[36] and once again, Nancy Pelosi, who refused to support Donald Trump over funding for a border wall.^[37]

Presiding officer [edit]

As presiding officer of the Business firm of Representatives, the speaker holds a diverseness of powers over the Business firm and is ceremonially the highest-ranking legislative official in the US government.^[38] The speaker may delegate their powers to a fellow member of the Business firm to act equally speaker pro tempore and to preside over the Business firm in the speaker'due south absenteeism; when this has occurred the delegation has e'er been to a fellow member of the aforementioned party.^[39] During important debates, the speaker pro tempore is unremarkably a senior member of the majority party who may exist chosen for his or her skill in presiding. At other times, more than inferior members may exist assigned to preside to give them experience with the rules and procedures of the Business firm. The speaker may also designate, with approval of the House, a speaker pro tempore for special purposes, such as designating a representative whose district is near Washington, D.C. to sign enrolled bills during long recesses.

Under the rules of the House, the speaker, "as soon as practicable later on the ballot of the speaker and whenever appropriate thereafter", must evangelize to the clerk of the House a confidential list of members who are designated to act as speaker in the example of a vacancy or concrete disability of the speaker to perform their duties.^[twoscore]

On the flooring of the House, the presiding officer is e'er addressed as "Mister Speaker" or "Madam Speaker", even if that person is serving as speaker pro tempore. When the Business firm resolves itself into a Committee of the Whole, the speaker designates a member to preside over the committee, who is addressed as "Mister Chairman" or "Madam Chairwoman". To speak, members must seek the presiding officer's recognition. The presiding officer besides rules on all points of order merely such rulings may be appealed to the whole Business firm. The speaker is responsible for maintaining decorum in the House and may society the Sergeant-at-Arms to enforce Business firm rules.

The speaker's powers and duties extend beyond presiding in the chamber. In item, the speaker has smashing influence over the committee process. The speaker selects ix of the thirteen members of the powerful Committee on Rules, bailiwick to the approving of the unabridged majority party. The leadership of the minority party chooses the remaining 4 members. Furthermore, the speaker appoints all members of select committees and conference committees. Moreover, when a neb is introduced, the speaker determines which committee will consider it. As a fellow member of the House, the speaker is entitled to participate in debate and to vote. Commonly, the speaker votes just when the speaker's vote would exist decisive or on matters of great importance, such as ramble amendments or major legislation.^[41] Nether the early rules of the House, the speaker was by and large barred from voting, but today the speaker has the same correct as other members to vote but simply occasionally exercises it. The speaker may vote on any matter that comes before the House, and they are required to vote where their vote would be decisive or where the House is engaged in voting by ballot.^[42]

Other functions [edit]

The speaker'due south function in the U.s. Capitol, during the term of Dennis Hastert (1999–2007)

In addition to existence the political and parliamentary leader of the House of Representatives and representing their congressional commune, the speaker too performs various other administrative and procedural functions, such as:

• Oversees the officers of the House: the clerk, the sergeant-at-artillery, the chief administrative officer, and the chaplain;
• Serves as the chairperson of the House Office Edifice Commission;^[43]
• Appoints the House's parliamentarian,^[44] historian, general counsel, and inspector general;^[45]
• Administers the House audio and video broadcasting system
• In consultation with the minority leader, tin devise a organisation of drug testing in the Firm.^[43] This pick has never been exercised.^[46]
• Receives reports or other communications from the president, government agencies, boards, and commissions.^[43]
• Receives, along with the president pro tempore of the Senate, written declarations that a U.Southward. president is unable to belch the powers and duties of his function, or is able to resume them, under Sections 3 and iv of the Xx-fifth Amendment.^[47]

Additionally, the speaker is second in the presidential line of succession under the Presidential Succession Human action of 1947, immediately after the vice president and earlier the president pro tempore of the Senate (who is followed past members of the president's Cabinet). Thus, if both the presidency and vice-presidency were vacant simultaneously, and then the speaker would become acting president, afterwards resigning from the House and as speaker.^[48]

Ratification of the Twenty-5th Amendment in 1967, with its machinery for filling an intra-term vice-presidential vacancy, has made calling on the speaker, president pro tempore, or a cabinet member to serve equally acting president unlikely to happen, except in the aftermath of a catastrophic event.^[48] However, simply a few years afterward information technology went into consequence, in October 1973, at the height of Watergate, Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned. With Agnew's unexpected divergence and the state of Richard Nixon's presidency, Speaker Carl Albert was all of a sudden outset in line to become acting president. The vacancy continued until Gerald Ford was sworn in as vice president on December 6, 1973.^[49] Albert was also next in line from the fourth dimension Ford assumed the presidency on August 9, 1974, following Nixon'south resignation from office, until Ford'south selection to succeed him equally vice president, Nelson Rockefeller, was confirmed past Congress iv months later.^[48]

Meet also [edit]

• Party leaders of the United states House of Representatives
• Party leaders of the U.s.a. Senate

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} "Speaker Elections Decided by Multiple Ballots". history.house.gov. United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
2. ^ ^{a b} Relyea, Harold C. (Baronial five, 2005). "Continuity of Government: Current Federal Arrangements and the Future" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, the Library of Congress. pp. two–iv. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
3. ^ Brudnick, Ida A. (Jan 4, 2012). "Congressional Salaries and Allowances" (PDF). CRS Written report for Congress. United States Business firm of Representatives. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 12, 2019. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
4. ^ Heitshusen, Valerie (May 16, 2017). The Speaker of the House: House Officeholder, Party Leader, and Representative (PDF) (Study). Congressional Research Service. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2020. In fact, there is no requirement that the Speaker be a Member of the Business firm.
5. ^ Fram, Alan (January 3, 2021). "Pelosi narrowly reelected speaker, faces difficult 2021". AP News. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January three, 2021.
6. ^ Forte, David F. "Essays on Article I: Speaker of the Firm". Heritage Guide to The Constitution. Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on August 22, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
7. ^ ^{a b c} Heitshusen, Valerie; Beth, Richard South. (January four, 2019). "Speakers of the House: Elections, 1913–2019" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, the Library of Congress. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January xi, 2019.
8. ^ Grier, Peter (September 25, 2015). "John Boehner exit: Anyone can run for Business firm speaker, even you lot". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on November 25, 2018. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
9. ^ Schudel, Matt (September 27, 2014). "James A. Traficant Jr., colorful Ohio congressman expelled past Business firm, dies at 73". The Washington Postal service. Archived from the original on August 12, 2015. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
10. ^ "Fathers/Deans of the House". history.house.gov. United states of america House of Representatives. Archived from the original on January 12, 2019. Retrieved January eleven, 2019.
11. ^ "Ballot of the Speaker Overview". constitution.laws.com. Archived from the original on August 27, 2019. Retrieved January eleven, 2019.
12. ^ "Listing of Speakers of the House". history.business firm.gov. United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January eleven, 2019.
13. ^ Peart, Daniel (2021). "Rethinking the Office of the Speaker: Power, Institutional Development, and the Myth of the "Impartial Moderator" in the Early The states House of Representatives". Journal of Policy History. 33 (ane): 1–31. doi:x.1017/S0898030620000226. ISSN 0898-0306. S2CID 231694119. Archived from the original on February ii, 2021. Retrieved March eleven, 2021.
14. ^ C. Stewart Three, "Architect or tactician? Henry Clay and the institutional development of the US House of Representatives" 1998, online Archived January fourteen, 2021, at the Wayback Automobile
15. ^ "Henry Clay (1825–1829)". U.Southward. Presidents. Charlottesville, Virginia: Miller Center of Public Affairs, Academy of Virginia. October 4, 2016. Archived from the original on May x, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
16. ^ Robinson, William A. "Thomas B. Reed, Parliamentarian". The American Historical Review, October 1931. pp. 137–138.
17. ^ Oleszek, Walter J. (December 1998). "A Pre-Twentieth Century Look at the House Commission on Rules". U.S. House of Representatives. Archived from the original on August 25, 2005. Retrieved July 5, 2007.
18. ^ Jones, Charles O. (August 1968). "Joseph G. Cannon and Howard W. Smith: An Essay on the Limits of Leadership in the Firm of Representatives". The Periodical of Politics. 30 (3): 617–646. doi:x.2307/2128798. JSTOR 2128798. S2CID 154012153.
19. ^ "Sam Rayburn House Museum". Texas Historical Commission. Archived from the original on July 1, 2007. Retrieved July 5, 2007.
20. ^ See Political party Divisions of United States Congresses
21. ^ Condon, Stephanie (August 6, 2010). "GOP to Launch "Burn down Pelosi" Double-decker Tour". CBS News. Archived from the original on February xiv, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
22. ^ ^{a b} Sanchez, Ray (November 3, 2010). "Nancy Pelosi: House Speaker's Sectional Interview With Diane Sawyer". ABC News. Archived from the original on June xv, 2011. Retrieved December six, 2011.
23. ^ Cohen, Micah (January iv, 2013). "Were the G.O.P. Votes Confronting Boehner a Historic Rejection?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
24. ^ Walsh, Deirdre (Jan 6, 2015). "Boehner Overcomes Big Opposition to Remain Speaker". CNN. Archived from the original on January 29, 2015. Retrieved March ane, 2019.
25. ^ Shesgreen, Deirdre; Allen, Cooper (September 25, 2015). "Speaker John Boehner to resign from Congress". United states Today. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2019.
26. ^ Wire, Sarah D. (Jan 3, 2019). "Nancy Pelosi regains the Business firm speaker'south gavel every bit Democrats confront Trump over partial shutdown". The Denver Mail. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
27. ^ Bush-league, George West. (January 23, 2007). "President Bush Delivers State of the Matrimony Address". The White House. Archived from the original on May ii, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2007.
28. ^ Allan Nevins. Ordeal of the Union, Volume Ii: A House Dividing 1852–1857 (New York, 1947), 413–415.
29. ^ Allan Nevins. The Emergence of Lincoln, Volume II: Prologue to Civil War, 1859–1861 (New York, 1950), 116–123.
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Bibliography [edit]

• Garraty, John, ed. American National Biography (1999) 20 volumes; contains scholarly biographies of all speakers no longer alive.
• Green, Matthew N. The Speaker of the House: A Study of Leadership (Yale University Printing; 2010) 292 pages; Examines partisan pressures and other factors that shaped the leadership of the speaker of the U.Southward. House of Representatives; focuses on the period since 1940.
• Grossman, Marker. Speakers of the House of Representatives (Amenia, NY: Gray Firm Publishing, 2009). The comprehensive work on the subject, covering, in depth, the lives of the speakers from Frederick Muhlenberg to Nancy Pelosi.
• Heitshusen, Valerie (Nov 26, 2018). "Speakers of the House: Elections, 1913–2017" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved December 18, 2018.
• Remini, Robert V. The House: the History of the House of Representatives (Smithsonian Books, 2006). The standard scholarly history.
• Rohde, David West. Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House (1991).
• Smock, Raymond West., and Susan W. Hammond, eds. Masters of the House: Congressional Leadership Over Two Centuries (1998). Short biographies of key leaders.
• Zelizer. Julian E. ed. The American Congress: The Building of Democracy (2004). A comprehensive history by twoscore scholars.

External links [edit]

• "Capitol Questions." C-SPAN (2003). Notable elections and role.
• The Cannon Centenary Conference: The Changing Nature of the Speakership. (2003). House Document 108–204. History, nature and role of the speakership.
• Congressional Quarterly's Guide to Congress, 5th ed. (2000). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
• Wilson, Woodrow. (1885). Congressional Authorities. New York: Houghton Mifflin.

U.S. presidential line of succession
Preceded by Vice President Kamala Harris	second in line	Succeeded by President pro tempore of the Senate Patrick Leahy

garnergint1999.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives